نشریه مدیریت ورزشی
سال پانزدهم شماره 1 (پیاپی 60، بهار 1402)

Governance in sports federations, which are responsible for the development of their sports field and providing facilities and equipment for the development of elite athletes and participating in domestic competitions and gaining honor in international arenas, is of particular importance. The purpose of this study was to provide a good governance model in sports federations.

In terms of aim the research was applied; and analytical -descriptive in terms of method. The statistical population of the study consisted of 8 stakeholders’ Football, Volleyball, Basketball, Handball, Wrestling, Taekwondo, Weightlifting and Judo federations, which 305 stakeholders were randomly selected as the sample.

According to the experts, the indicators were stand in the eight factors; Transparency & Accountability, participation, Rule of Law, Responsibility, Control of Corruption, Ethic principal, control & monitoring and Effectiveness. Also, it is found that factors have positive effect on behavior of good governance in sport federations and the model designed in this regard has appropriate quality. In addition, with regard to the influence coefficient of each of the factors, it became clear that Transparency & Accountability had highest role and Ethic principal factors had least role in predicting the behavior of governing in sports federations.

The current research presents a local model for good governance in sports federations of the country. In order to get a better score and improve the ranking position, you should have a long-term plan to improve each of the good governance indicators.

The present study conducted with the aim of proposing development model of diplomacy through sport.

Research methodology was qualitative and grounded theory using Strauss & Corbin approach. The statistical population included the presidents of Olympic federations, Politicians, scholars and experts who had experience in international affairs activities, and sampling continued until theoretical saturation. To select samples targeted sampling was used and 19 people were considered as interviewees. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data. Using MAXQDA software, Categories, concepts and items were extracted in order to recognize causes, context, phenomenon, strategies and consequence.

There were 297 preliminary conceptual statements with 13 categories and 73 concepts in paradigm format in four areas including application of sport, managerial factors, foreign policy and the structure of sport. 

Based on the findings the areas are divided as follow: the application of sport (including political application of sport, economical application of sport, social application of sport and development of international relations), managerial factors (including education and training of human resources, knowledge management, media and international relationships), foreign policy (including sport and foreign policy and foreign policy and sport) and the last area was related to the structure of sport (including international seats, policy making and planning, sports organization structure, and the place of sport of Iran in the world). In addition, the relationship between the categories showed that the obtained model matches the original format of Strauss & Corbin paradigm model.

Today, by changing the sources of value creation and focusing on intangible resources rather than physical resources, intellectual capital can be used as an indicator to assess the impact of marketing on the performance of businesses, including sports enterprises. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the moderating role of entrepreneurial marketing in the relationship between intellectual capital and performance of sports enterprises.

The statistical population of this study, which was conducted by a descriptive-survey method, consisted of active sports enterprises entrepreneurs in Big Khorasan Province (Razavi, Jonobi & Shomali). Due to the limited population, the statistical sample was considered as a whole (n=150). The data collection tool was a questionnaire consisting of 49 specialized questions on the five-point Likert scale with acceptable validity and reliability. Structural Equation Modeling approach and Partial Least Squares method were used to test the general model fitting of the research.

The results showed that not only entrepreneurial marketing has a moderating role on the relationship between intellectual capital and sport enterprises performance, but also moderates the impact of intellectual capital components (human capital, structural capital and relational capital) on sport enterprises performance.

As a result, one of the most important tasks for managers and entrepreneurs to succeed and improve the financial and non-financial performance of the sports enterprises is to shape and guide entrepreneurial behavior in marketing and management practices.

One of the new methods of future architecture is scenario-based planning, so the purpose of the current research is to predict the future in the field of horse industry and equestrian sports.

A mixed research method that was implemented qualitatively and quantitatively. In the qualitative phase, trends were identified through semi-structured interviews. At this stage, the statistical sample included 26 experts and experts in the field of horse industry and equestrian field were selected by snowball method. The quantitative part of the research was purposeful.  The research tool in the quantitative stage was the researcher's questionnaire made from the Delphi stage, which was used to identify the selected scenarios by identifying the effective macro trends in the cross-effects analysis stage to identify the uncertainties and balance the mutual effects.

According to 16 major research trends, 5 factors (development of horse tourism, amount of media coverage, growth of GDP, facilitation in the process of law enforcement and the entry of the private sector) are the key influencing and influencing factors. Finally, three strong scenarios of Iranian horse in the context of history, horse jumping and thoroughbred horses in the next 10 years of the horse and equestrian industry were determined.

The equestrian is under the scope of strategic planning, recognition of uncertainty, proper foresight in the field of horse and equestrian industry. Therefore, a single and integrated management between organizations such as the Ministry of Sports and Youth, the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad and the Equestrian Federation seems necessary.

The purpose of this study was designing chaotic model for effective marketing in athletic sport of Iran based on mixed method.

The statistical population in the qualitative section included 10 sports management professors and elite sport managers and in quantitive section included sports management professors and marketing experts and chairpersons and vice chairmen of federations and sports marketing staff of sports federations and the National Olympic Committee, elite coaches and athletes that were 396 people and according to the Morgan table, 220 individuals were selected as samples. First, Delphi method was used to identify the research items and model by structured interpretation modeling method. Then, a quantitative research tool was developed and its validity was verified by sports management professors and exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test 0.91.

Findings show that the interpretive structural model has 12 components in 5 levels, and the quantitative research model has five main components and has significant fit.

It can be concluded that sports organizations should provide development of athletic sport in the chaotic environment by planning for factors influencing the critical and chaotic points.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the role of player's agents in the domestic transfer of football players.

The research method was descriptive-analytical which was performed by field method and was applied in terms of purpose. The study population included all football players present in the Persian Gulf Premier League. Using Cochran's formula, 226 people were selected by stratified random sampling. The research measurement tool included a researcher-made questionnaire whose content validity, while carefully reviewing the texts and literature of the research, was confirmed by a survey of experts familiar with the field of research (8 people). Other internal consistency indices such as composite reliability, mean extractive variance, maximum common variance and average common variance were examined and confirmed. Also, descriptive statistics methods (mean, standard deviation) and inferential statistics methods (exploratory factor analysis and second-order confirmatory factor analysis) were used to analyze the data.

Findings showed that the most important role of sports agents and brokers in the transferring and pricing the football players respectively include the role of negotiator (0.90), the role of marketer (0.86), the role of lawyer (0.84), Organizer (0.79), accountant (0.75) and supporting one (0.65).

In general, it should be acknowledged that according to the opinions of the statistical sample, the activities of football players' agents are not completely similar, and their previous and diverse work experience often allows them to play different roles.

Identifying the impact of advertising practices on perceptions and behavioral responses to the purchase of men and women has become an important issue in marketing science. This can be very effective in the advertising industry of sports goods. To this end, the aim of this study was to investigate the difference between the effect of advertising on male and female athletes on the level of desire to buy sporting goods.

This research was semi-experimental and used the standard questionnaire of experience, trust and attractiveness of famous people in Ohanian advertisements (1990) and the standard questionnaire of brand-product enthusiasm, Zichkowski model (1985). The validity of the questionnaires was confirmed by experts and its reliability using Cronbach's alpha method (α = 0.90) and (α = 0.93) was confirmed. The statistical sample of this study included 60 students of physical education in Kermanshah Azad University. The data were first collected using descriptive statistics and analyzed using SPSS23 software and statistical methods of dependent sample and Cohen's d-test.

The results showed that the use of male athletes in sports advertising has a more positive effect on people's desire to buy. Also, women are more likely to buy sporting goods under the influence of advertising, attitudes and desires.

The effect of advertising on men and women is different. However, this effect is greater in the group of women because women are better listeners and are more exposed to the change of opinion caused by the effect of advertisements

The purpose of the current research was to design a sports marketing model for the economic development of Iran's Premier League football clubs.

in terms of type, it is of correlation and in terms of purpose, it is applied. The research was conducted in two stages, the first stage was conducted by open interview method, coding of concepts by elites, and then 10 members of the faculty were selected by snowball method, and in the second stage, the statistical population included: 16 members of the CEOs of the clubs and 16 members of the marketing committee of the clubs in the 1997-98 football Premier League and 49 people of sports marketing specialists and academic faculty members of the universities formed, and a total of 81 people were formed using a simple random sampling method and in the field. Due to the limited statistical population, total sampling method was used. In order to collect data, a researcher-made questionnaire with 5 components was used in the fields of sports marketing for the economic development of football clubs, including changes in the management structure, advertising, incentives, professional development and media. The reliability was calculated using Cronbach's alpha test (0.83). For statistical analysis, descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling method were used in SPSS and PLS software.

All found components have a positive and significant impact on economic development, and among the high components, the professional foundation component with 76% correlation and the foundation index for capital with confidence with 4.87 capital had the highest score among the indices.

According to the present results, for the economic development of the clubs, with special attention to the component of professional hospital construction, which is the index of the privatization of the clubs and the entry of the clubs into the stock market and investment with the confidence of the indicators of the new indicators in This is straight. It needs to be done

Although the physical activity of young women in Iran is very important, but this phenomenon is less known. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to design a conceptual model of physical activities of Iranian young women.

The methodology of the research was a qualitative method, Grounded Theory (systematic approach). The study population consisted of Iranian women aged 20 to 40 years’ old who were participating in physical activities. Based on the methodology of research, sampling method was theoretical sampling method and theoretical saturation was obtained after conducting 27 Semi-structured interviews with Iranian young women participating in physical activities and review specialized texts (articles, books, websites and so on). The data analysis methods were continuous questions and comparisons.

In the open coding stage, seven main categories in the process of participating sports activities of Iranian young women were identified: (1) Personal Motivations, (2) Promotional Measures, (3) Barriers, (4) Sports Facilities, (5) Trainer, (6) Safety & Security, and (7) physical activities Benefits. Findings also show that "personal motivations" and "promotional actions" are the primary motivators for young women to engage in physical activity, but "facilities", "barriers", "trainer" and "safety and security" play vital roles in decision-making and participation in physical activity, and if conditions are good, young women will continue to participate in physical activities.

Given that Iranian young women face many barriers, only those with very strong personal motivations participate in physical activities

the present study aimed to design a comprehensive succession planning pattern in sport organizations using grounded theory and interpretive structural model.

in terms of the type, this study is of a mixed one. The study population included the elites of the sport organizations; the study sample volume was estimated equal to 15 individuals based on the theoretical saturation. For this a subjective sampling method was used. In the qualitative section of the research and in order to collect the required information a deep interview was utilized; in the quantitative section a questionnaire was used. In order to analyze the qualitative section’s information, three overlapping open, axial and selective coding processes were utilized and, in order to analyze the quantitative section’s information, interpretive structural modeling method assisted by ISM Software was used.

the findings indicated that the succession planning model obeys 20 secondary topics and 5 primary topics (causal factors, background factors, intervening factors, interactional factors and outcomes) for the sport organizations. Moreover, the model was eventually found consisted of eight levels; the lowest level of the organizational structure was composed of social and cultural factors as well as the peripheral environment and international environment and the highest level was composed of the individual and organizational factors.

it can be stated according to the study findings that the individual and organizational outcomes attributed to succession planning obey causal, background, intervening and interactional factors.

The purpose of this research was to design a sustainable employment model for sports science graduates in Iran. 

The research method was conducted using data-based theory and qualitative approach. The population of the experts was knowledgeable about the research topic. The sampling method was purposeful and theoretical. The data collection method was conducted as full study of previous researches and a deep and open interview. After 16 interviews, the data reached a theoretical saturation. The method used for reliability was the inter-issue agreement. The average agreement on the issue was reported to be 0.82.

The data results from the influence of several factors including causal factors (employment skills, curriculum, needs assessment, development of sports industry and motivational and supportive factors), contextual factors (policy and program planning, economic and financial factors, university relationship with society and industry, professional competence in sports), intervening factors (technological, cultural and social, political factors, reconstruction of sports science, communications and networking) strategies (job search and counseling, internship redesign, privatization and entrepreneurship in the sports industry, removal of legal barriers, responsibility of higher education, attention to new contexts, establishment of a specialized sports organization) and Consequences (individual, economic, cultural-social and sustainable human development).

The obtained model can be used as a basis for employment policymakers among Iran's sports.

The social phenomenon of public sports is influenced by various factors and constant uncertainties, but foresight will provide a reliable and optimal road map for it. The purpose of this research was to formulate the desired future scenarios for public sports in Iran.

The current study, with its exploratory purpose, followed a mixed-methods approach. The participants were purposefully selected and included 20, 10, 8, and 8 people according to the stages of the research. A semi-structured interview, questionnaire, and matrix were used to collect data. For data analysis, first, the effective factors were extracted by the hidden content analysis method and confirmed by experts using the Delphi method, and then, the strategic factors were identified with the participation of the strategic council and the mutual effects analysis. Finally, the research scenarios were extracted through the balanced mutual influence analysis method.

 The results indicate the formulation of three scenarios for realizing the desired future. The first scenario includes the components of financial resource allocation, comprehensive participation of the stratum of society, unified and integrated management, and the media's attention to Iran's public sports. The second scenario includes the components of financial resource allocation; the social status of the family; and specialization, highlighting, and modeling of athletes. The third or the final scenario includes the components of financial resource allocation, comprehensive participation of the stratum of society, specialization, and the media's attention to Iran's public sports.

Scenarios provide the possibility for the policymakers and high managers of Iran’s sports to implement and establish a relationship between the priority strategies for the constituent components of the scenario, by institutionalizing public sports, to implement its rich functions in the society and ultimately, lead to the construction of the desirable future and national success.

The present study aimed to provide a model for the role of sustainable development on achieving the goals of sports entrepreneurship in Iran with an emphasis on business experience.

The statistical population of the study was sports management professors and elites and sports entrepreneurs in the country. According to the Cochran's sample size formula of unlimited communities, 385 sports entrepreneurs were selected as the research sample. After distribution of questionnaires, 361 of which were returned correctly. Sampling method was available. Data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire focusing on three components of sports entrepreneurship goals (seven Subcomponent), sustainable development (six Subcomponent) and business experience (two Subcomponent), the content validity of which was confirmed by 12 professors of sports management. Data analysis was assessed at two levels of descriptive and inferential statistics. Structural equation modeling test was used with PLS software.

The results of the research model showed that the path of sustainable development to the business experience with an effect factor (0.626) had the greatest effect among the variables. The path of sustainable development to achieve the goals of sports entrepreneurship with an impact factor (0.515) was in the next category and the path of business experience to achieve the goals of sports entrepreneurship with an impact factor (0.425) had the least effect among other variables

In a general conclusion, it should be stated that development is a continuous matter that includes various aspects such as economic, social, cultural, political, etc. So holism is one of the features of development. Therefore, it is clear that entrepreneurship is operationalized through sustainable development and can play a key role.

The purpose of this study was to develop a strategic map for the Fencing Federation of the Islamic Republic of Iran using a balanced scorecard.

This research is applied in terms of purpose and takes a descriptive approach. In addition, it falls into the category of organizational studies. The statistical population consisted of 20 members of the general assembly of the federation and specialists in this field, and the statistical sample was selected as total. To design a strategy map the method of Balance Score Card (BSC) was used.

The results showed that there were three strategies in the financial perspective, two strategies in the customer perspective, one strategy in the internal process perspective, and four strategies in the growth and learning perspective. In addition, 25 in the financial perspective, 30 measures in the customer perspective, 3 measures in the internal process perspective, and 30 measures, were identified.

The results showed that what was obtained as a result of verifying the measurements was a measure for evaluating the performance of the Fencing Federation, through which they could achieve the strategic goals of the organization.

In this study, the situation of financial resource management in Iranian Paralympic sports was compared with the United States, Britain and Australia (as successful countries in Paralympic Games).

This is a qualitative-comparative research with a Boolean algebra approach. The purposive sampling method was used. Therefore, all methods, and appropriate conditions for financial resource management realization of Paralympic sports in Iran and selected countries were studied using the interviews and library study. Data reduction was used to study the accuracy of the research results, the adequacy of conditions and methods of income generation to calibrate the research process and ensure the test reliability by removing the disagreements of all the studied items. The research validity was confirmed by the experts in qualitative and comparative research.

The results of research showed while the selected countries use 25 methods of income generation in all five causal conditions, i.e. "intra-organizational, trans-organizational (national), international, public funding and financial support in sports" to manage Paralympic sports; Iran uses only eight methods of income generation, most of which are related to two causal conditions of "intra-organizational funds, trans-organizational funds (national)" as sources of income.

Examining the results show that none of the causal conditions alone is a sufficient condition to be considered "successful" in financial resources management, but all the conditions together are considered as necessary conditions for success in financial resources management.

The purpose of this study was to diagnose the pathology of the training process of physical education faculty members in the Islamic Azad universities.

The present study in terms of purpose was applied, In terms of data collection method it was a descriptive-survey. In the first (qualitative) part for conducting field interviews, the statistical population of the research consisted of experts and professors of educational management and specialists in the field of training faculty members of these universities (18 interviews with 18 people); and continued to the point of theoretical saturation.  In the second (quantitative) part, an eight-item questionnaire, comparing the current and optimal situation, was distributed among the statistical sample.

The results showed that each of the indicators of educational needs assessment, targeting the training of the faculty members, determining the content of the training of the  faculty members, methods and techniques of the  training faculty members, the instructor of the training courses of the  faculty members, the training environment of the  faculty members, the implementation of the training courses of the  faculty members and the supervision of the training process of the  faculty members are of the components of the process of training process the physical education faculty members in Islamic Azad Universities.

In each of the components of the education process, the gap between the current and the optimum situation was determined. Teaching methods and techniques had the largest gap (53%), supervision of higher education had the lowest gap (34%), and the average gap of the education process set was 39%.

The present study was conducted with the aim of designing a model for the internationalization of the brand of Premier League volleyball clubs with a combined approach.

The present study was a survey in terms of applied purpose, research method, mixed exploratory type and survey data collection method.The research method in the qualitative part was qualitative analysis of the theme and in the quantitative part was structural equation modeling. The statistical population in the qualitative section included the faculty members of universities with the specialization of volleyball, sports directors and professors; These individuals were purposefully selected for qualitative interviews on the subject of research (19 interviews with 19 people and continued until theoretical saturation). The statistical population of the quantitative section is the same as the qualitative section group with more numbers. Out of 137 research samples, 116 correct questionnaires were analyzed. In order to analyze the data of the present study, coding in the qualitative part and structural equation method in the quantitative part were used.

In the qualitative part of the research, it was found that the categories were extracted in the form of 36 concept codes and 11 main categories. In the quantitative section, it was found that all 11 categories of research (volleyball position, fans, managers, planning, media, education, volleyball league, competitions, economics, manpower and socio-cultural factors) have a good fit.

Relevant managers are suggested to create the conditions for the internationalization of the brand of volleyball clubs in the country by creating well-written and strategic plans.

The present study was conducted to design a model of opportunities and challenges of using guerrilla marketing in Iranian sports applying a combined approach.

In terms of applied purpose, the present study was a research method mixed with consecutive exploratory type and a survey collection method. The statistical population in the qualitative part included professors and researchers (13 people) and in the quantitative part included university professors and sports managers (144 people).

In general, it was found that opportunities include: very low cost, high durability, ad sharing, possibility of participation, high diversity, high attractiveness, visual beauty, public acceptance, message comprehensibility, customers' emotional response, impact on the mind unconsciously, engaging the imagination, creating a sense of surprise and creativity. Also, high innovation and challenges include: misinterpretation of the advertising message, improper placement of the ad, failure to provide permission to install the ad, high bureaucracy to get the ad to install the ad, water status and air on propaganda, creating obstacles for people, high risk of guerrilla propaganda, the possibility of creating life-threatening consequences following the installation of guerrilla propaganda (projectors, special billboards, etc.) and cultural-religious restrictions.

Finally, solutions were also provided for this purpose. Given the numerous benefits of guerrilla marketing in the country's sports, it is recommended that the country's sports managers (in the private and public sectors) use guerrilla marketing techniques.

The present study was conducted to design a model for developing Iran's sports tourism industry and explain its future based on scenario writing in the horizon of 1420.

The method is scenario-based planning, which is designed and implemented in eight steps. The method of data collection in this qualitative research included using interviews, the news panel and Delphi survey. 17 experts in the field of sports tourism industry with specialized knowledge or practical experience were selected as the members of the research group in the form of a snowball. Also, Micmac software and script wizard have been used for data analysis

The findings of this study are presented in two parts. The first part includes the identification and classification of key components, drivers, and uncertainty. The four drivers of "tourism infrastructure", "sports infrastructure", "services" and "recreation" have been identified in this section and the relationships of effectiveness and effectiveness between the components have been analyzed. The second part identifies and describes possible and compatible scenarios based on propulsions and related uncertainties.

Managers and trustees of the country's sports tourism industry are advised to improve the tourism and sports infrastructure and provide appropriate and attractive services and entertainment for the greater satisfaction of tourists.

The purpose of current research was investigation to the effect of proactive personality on job thriving and creative behaviors of physical education teachers in Golestan province.

The research method was descriptive and structural equations. The statistical population included all physical education teachers in Golestan province (675) from whom 246 people were selected as the statistical sample according to the stratified sampling. Data collection tools were three standard questionnaires: Bharati et al.'s (2018) Proactive Personality, Imran et al.'s (2020) Job thriving questionnaire and Akgunduz et al.'s (2018) Creative Behaviors questionnaire. All these questionnaires have 10, 10 and 5 items respectively. After ensuring the internal reliability of the research instrument by Cronbach's alpha method and the optimal good of fit of the research model, the data were analyzed using Smart PLS software.

The results showed that proactivity personality had positive and significant effect on job thriving and creative behaviors of physical education teachers. Also, the effect of proactivity personality on the creative behaviors of physical education teachers with the mediating role of job thriving was positive and significant.

Therefore, it is possible to increase productivity and improve the quality of education by attracting and training teachers with proactivity traits, while strengthening creative behaviors and laying the groundwork for teachers' career success.